British Journal of Biology Studies (ISSN: 2755-0052) is an international peer-reviewed, Open Access journal published by y Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. It aims to provide a valuable platform for researchers, scientists, and experts to share leading and innovative research. It is led by a team of distinguished Editors from various regions across to globe and dozens of expert reviewers that thoroughly inspect all submissions. Articles are published in an open-access format and archived for indefinite access. The journal uses the continuous publication model allowing articles to be published online as soon as they are ready, resulting in a more efficient publication process.
Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development
AI-Driven Bio-Innovation for Global Health: Integrating Big Data Analytics, Wearable Intelligence, and Predictive Modeling Toward Sustainable Precision Medicine
Healthcare innovation has been altered by AI and big data analytics, which enable predictive, personalized, and precision-oriented methods. Key studies in medication development, wearable health analytics, multi-omics modeling, and AI-driven chronic and oncological illness predictions inform this research. This qualitative-quantitative meta-synthesis combines evidence from Manik et al. (2020), Miah et al. (2019), and related interdisciplinary research to create an AI Bio-Innovation Framework (AIBF) that integrates generative AI, deep learning, and multi-modal data across the healthcare continuum. AI-driven predictive analytics improve illness detection accuracy by 20–30%, diagnostic latency by 35–40%, and therapeutic modeling by 25% faster than traditional methods. Wearable technologies and multi-omics data provide population-wide cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic disease monitoring. By improving computer resource efficiency and eliminating experimental redundancy, the AIBF paradigm blends biomedical informatics with sustainable innovation. The study claims that data-driven biomedicine, supplemented by explainable AI, federated learning, and scalable cloud infrastructure, can accelerate discovery while meeting global health and environmental goals. This study integrates deep learning applications in cardiovascular and cervical cancer detection, antibiotic resistance modeling, and multi-omics integration to create a new paradigm for AI-driven, precision-guided healthcare systems that improve human and environmental resilience.
Artificial Intelligence, Big Data Analytics, Biomedical Innovation, Multi-Omics, Precision Medicine, Predictive Modeling, , Sustainability, Wearable Health
Inventory's Key Role in Conservation: Evaluating Biodiversity Indices and Identifying Priority Areas in Lebak Muncang
This study aims to inventory biodiversity in Lebak Muncang, Ciwidey, West Java, with a focus on identifying species of flora and fauna, analyzing diversity levels, and determining conservation priorities based on the protection status of species and ecosystem conditions. The study employed a field survey method, combining line transects and quadrat plots, for collecting data on fauna (dragonflies, butterflies, mammals, and herpetofauna). Species identification was carried out using determination keys and verified based on conservation status (IUCN Red List, CITES, and Permen LHK P.106/2018). Data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Pielou evenness (E), and Margalef richness (R). Distribution mapping of protected species was conducted using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine conservation priority areas. This study identified 58 species of fauna, comprising 11 species of dragonflies, 31 species of butterflies, seven mammalian species, and nine herpetofauna species. Several protected species were identified, including the Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas; Endangered/EN status), Javan surili (Presbytis comata), and Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus) (both Vulnerable/VU status). The diversity index (H') was moderate for all groups, with high evenness (E>0.7). Butterflies had the highest species richness (R=6.43), while mammals had the lowest (R=1.75). Spatial analysis revealed critical areas that require protection, especially endemic primate habitats. Lebak Muncang has moderate biodiversity with the presence of key protected species. Anthropogenic pressures and habitat fragmentation pose a significant threat to the sustainability of ecosystems. Conservation recommendations include strengthening habitat protection, monitoring endemic species, and integrating policies based on biodiversity analysis.
Biodiversity, ecological index, protected species, conservation, Lebak Muncang
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Histological Investigation of the Lung in Adult Male Guinea Pig
The study was done on six adult guinea pigs weighing 300-400g and 180 days old. These healthy adult male pigs (Cavia porcellus) were obtained from the Drug Control Center in Baghdad, Iraq. Then, the animals were euthanized by using chloroform anesthesia to examine the histological features of the lungs in adult guinea pigs. The animals were prepared for anatomy by opening the chest with a scalpel after the animal was anesthetized. From the chest cavity, the lung was removed, and four lobes of the right lung, three lobes of the left lung, and two lungs in the chest cavity were revealed, around the middle body and heart. Histological analysis in the current study showed that the lung parenchyma contained alveoli, air sacs, and air ducts, in addition to the presence of bronchioles that were devoid of cartilage and replaced by smooth muscle fibers. The wall of the lung's alveoli was found lined with alveolar (squamous) cells Type I, which are involved in blood-blood gas exchange, and alveolar (squamous) cells Type II, which are involved in the secretion of a lipid-binding substance to prevent collapse. The interstitial tissue between the alveoli is composed of collagen and elastic fibers and contains macrophages, white blood cells, and blood vessels. The collagen fibers are essential for supporting the framework of the lung, while the elastic fibers assist in the elasticity of the lung during breathing.
The Human Lens: A Natural Cancer Shield and Its Implications for Oncology
The human body is a complex network of tissues, organs, and cells, all of which are susceptible to diseases, including cancer. However, among these, the lens of the eye stands out as an exceptional anomaly—it remains tumor-free throughout life. In animals, rare occurrence of lens tumor documented. Despite exposure to oxidative stress, genetic mutations, environmental insults, and the natural wear and tear of aging, lens cells exhibit a unique resistance to cancer. This phenomenon raises a compelling scientific question: why is the human lens immune to tumor formation? Understanding this enigma could hold the key to groundbreaking cancer prevention strategies. These cases, though uncommon, provide insights into the unique biology of the lens and its susceptibility (or resistance) to oncogenic processes under certain conditions. The lens is a transparent, avascular structure in the eye that resists tumor formation due to its unique characteristics. Lacking blood vessels, it deprives potential cancer cells of nutrients and oxygen needed for growth. Its immune-privileged environment and protective lens capsule further shield it from inflammation and external insults. Lens cells undergo terminal differentiation, losing their ability to divide, which minimizes the risk of uncontrolled cell growth. Strong tumor suppressor activity, efficient DNA repair mechanisms, and a robust antioxidant defense system further enhance its resistance to cancer. Additionally, the thick lens capsule acts as a barrier against malignant invasion. Unlike most tissues, which rely on angiogenesis and undergo constant cell turnover, the lens remains largely static, reducing the likelihood of genetic mutations. These combined features make the lens uniquely resistant to tumor development.Understanding the mechanisms behind the lens’s tumor-free state could revolutionize cancer research and treatment. Some potential applications include: 1- evelopment of Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Mimicking the avascular environment of the lens to starve tumors of their blood supply., 2. Enhancing DNA Repair Pathways: Leveraging the efficient DNA repair mechanisms in lens cells to prevent cancer in high-risk tissues, and 3. Antioxidant Therapies: Utilizing insights from the lens’s robust antioxidant system to protect against oxidative stress in other tissues. While existing studies provide intriguing clues, the exact reasons for the lens’s resistance to cancer remain poorly understood. A multidisciplinary approach, combining molecular biology, genetics, structural biology, and clinical research, is essential to unravel this mystery. Investigating these protective mechanisms in the lens may offer new hope in the fight against cancer, potentially revealing strategies to replicate its tumor-resistant properties in other tissues. The lens of the human eye stands as a testament to nature’s ability to protect tissues from cancer, even in the face of constant challenges. By delving deeper into the molecular, structural, and environmental factors that safeguard the lens, scientists can uncover transformative insights. These discoveries have the potential to redefine our approach to cancer prevention, paving the way for a healthier, tumor-resistant future.
TUMOUR, HUMNA LESS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, DNA REPAIR
Copyright (c) 2025 British Journal of Biology Studies
An Overview of Migraine Diagnosis and Treatment
Migraine causes a severe headache and is accompanied by other characteristic symptoms. Migraines are often characterized by throbbing pain in one area of the head that lasts 4 to 72 hours and is accompanied by symptoms such as sensitivity to light or sound, nausea, and vomiting. Some people experience visual disturbances (auras), which may appear as zigzag lines or flashing lights before or during a migraine. Migraines are estimated to affect more than 10% of the population worldwide, occur most often in people between the ages of 20 and 50, and are about 3 times more common in women than men. Having migraines can be debilitating and lead to missed days of school or work, inability to perform household responsibilities. There is no definitive cure for migraines, but treatments and lifestyle can help reduce the number of attacks in a person and shorten or reduce the severity of the attacks. Hormonal changes in women act as a stimulus. It seems that fluctuations in estrogen levels due to menstrual periods, pregnancy or menopause cause acute headaches. Certain foods and beverages such as salty processed food, caffeine etc... can trigger this disease in both men and women. But one of the most important causes of migraine is stress. Migraine attacks usually develops over hours, increases with normal physical activity. Sometimes this disease can be relieved simply by changes in lifestyle and daily habits, but sometimes it may be necessary to consult a doctor and diagnose it for improvement. Medical treatment and lifestyle modification together can help in getting rid of this disease.
Diagnosis, Migraine, Signs, Types, Treatment
Mechanism of Life Cycle and Transmission of Babesia
Babesia is tick-borne apicomplexan protozoa which causes babesiosis. Babesiosis is an important tick-borne disease that affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals and occasionally humans in tropical and subtropical countries. So far, more than 100 different Babesia species have been identified in animals. Babesiosis occurs globally and can lead to significant economic losses, including mortality, decreased meat and milk production, and indirect costs associated with tick control measures. All species of Babesia has heteroxenous lifecycle. Ticks serve as definitive hosts for the sexual development of the organism, while mammals act as intermediate hosts by harboring the asexual stages. Mammals become infected with Babesia through the bite of infected ticks, which inject sporozoites into the bloodstream through their saliva. These sporozoites bind to red blood cells (RBCs), enter them via endocytosis and developing into trophozoites. They reproduce through binary fission, generating merozoites that break open infected red blood cells and invade new ones. Some merozoites develop into gamonts, which engage in sexual reproduction in the tick's gut, resulting in the creation of zygotes that invade the midgut epithelial cells. Zygotes change into motile ookinetes and move to the tick's salivary glands, where they develop into sporozoites. This review topic aims to provide useful informa¬tion about the mechanism of life cycle, transmission, Economic importance, history and timed of intracellular of Babesia species.
Copyright (c) 2024 British Journal of Biology Studies
Review of Recent Advances in Chemical Preservatives for Cut Flowers
Cut flowers is an important part of the floriculture industry, and the changes in their physiological and biochemical status after harvesting can accelerate the aging process, affecting the overall quality of the cut flowers. With the development of the floriculture industry, the increasing variety of cut flowers makes preservation research increasingly important. This paper explores the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the aging of fresh cut flowers, analyzes the changes in water metabolism, macromolecular substance metabolism, cell membrane, and endogenous hormones. It also focuses on the types of chemical preservatives (pre-treatment solutions, flower inducing solutions, and vase solutions), their components (water, saccharides, organic acids, fungicides, plant growth regulators, soluble inorganic salts), and their effects, aiming to provide insights for the development of chemical preservatives for cut flowers.
Cut flowers; Post-harvest senescence; Physiological and biochemical changes; Chemical preservation
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Antibiotic Residue in Milk and Meat Products: A Scientific Overview
The need for food is rising globally as the human population continues to rise. People in better socioeconomic countries have a tendency to substitute meat and high quality items for grains in their diets. Over the past thirty years, there has been a seventy percent increase in their choice of chicken as a protein source. Antibiotics accumulate in animal tissues as a result of overuse and misuse in treating illnesses and fostering animal growth. From there, they enter human bodies through the food chain. This study provides a detailed assessment of comparative studies on the dangers to human health posed by antibiotic residue (AR) in foods, including milk and meat from animal sources. The usage of several veterinary antibiotics in animal farms, which can result in ARs, is the main topic of this review's early section. Later on, there has been a thorough discussion of ARs in dietary items, such as milk and meat. People from underdeveloped and impoverished nations are particularly susceptible to infectious diseases brought on by bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, according to review research on the problems with antibiotic use and human health. Towards the conclusion of the review, a few alternative strategies are outlined, taking into account their potential exposure to substitute antibiotics as growth promoters and reducing the prevalence of antibiotic resistant genes. These strategies include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, phytogenic feed additives, and other substances.
Testing the Quality of Chilli Seeds Resulting from Gamma-Ray Irradiation and Genetic Diversity
Gamma-ray irradiation is used to improve seed germination and plant seedling growth and is a way to increase plant genetic diversity. This research aims to (1) analyze the response of seed irradiation to germination and (2) identify genetic diversity. This study used a Randomized Group Design (RAK), which consisted of 6 treatment levels used, namely R0 = 0 Gry (control), R1 = 100 Gy, R2 = 200 Gy, R3 = 300 Gy, R4 = 400 Gy and R5 = 500 Gy. Each treatment had 20 replications, so there were 100 experimental units. Based on the results of this research show that the reticulum emergence test can be used as a basis for determining the germination and vigor of mutant and non-mutant chili seeds, while the use of the special molecular marker RAPD can be used to determine the level of diversity for mutant chili plants.
Chili seeds, irradiation, germination and genetic diversity
Investigation into the Impact of Pika Population Dynamics on Grassland Degradation and the Development of Management Strategies: A Case Study Conducted in Sanjiangyuan National Park
This study focuses on the dynamic changes of pika and rabbit populations in Sanjiangyuan National Park and its impact on grassland degradation. The Sanjiangyuan region, as an important part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has a unique ecosystem and rich biodiversity. As a key species in the area, the pika's activities play an important role in loosening the grassland soil and retaining moisture. However, due to the dual impact of climate change and human activities, the excessive growth of the pika population has led to the severe degradation of the grassland ecosystem and the formation of “black soil beaches”, which not only destroys the natural recovery ability of the grassland but also affects the livelihood of local herders had a negative impact. In the context of global sustainable development, this study proposes a series of scientific and reasonable management measures, including the implementation of dynamic rotational grazing, returning grazing to grassland, forage planting, and green prevention and control of pikas, etc., to achieve the goal of realizing cattle, sheep, and pasture and ecological coordination among pikas. At the same time, the study emphasizes the in-depth understanding of the role of pikas in the ecosystem and their relationship with grassland degradation through scientific research, providing a scientific basis for formulating effective ecological protection and restoration strategies. In addition, the study also puts forward suggestions for establishing a sound legal and regulatory system, strengthening protected area management institutions, and promoting public participation, publicity, and education. These measures aim to ensure that ecological protection work in Sanjiangyuan National Park is effectively implemented and to promote the sustainable development of local communities. The case of Sanjiangyuan National Park has important reference significance at the global level, demonstrating how to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental protection through ecological protection and restoration work. This has a guiding role for other regions around the world facing similar ecological problems and will help promote the implementation of the global sustainable development agenda. In short, the ecological protection and management of Sanjiangyuan National Park requires the joint efforts of the government, scientific research institutions, local communities, and the international community to achieve long-term ecological security and sustainable development.
Grassland degradation; biodiversity; sustainable development
Clinical and Radiological Features of Familial Multiple Sclerosis in Comparison to Sporadic Multiple Sclerosis in Iraqi Patients
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, characterized by diverse symptoms based on lesion locations. Familial MS (FMS) indicates a genetic predisposition, potentially leading to a more severe disease course than sporadic MS, which lacks familial clustering. This distinction is critical for diagnosing and treating MS, particularly in the Iraqi patient population. The study aims to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiological features of FMS and sporadic MS among patients at the Baghdad Teaching Hospital's MS outpatient clinic. In this observational retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted from July 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023, at the Baghdad M.S outpatient clinic within the Medical City complex in Baghdad, Iraq, 100 MS patients were enrolled, with an equal division between FMS (n=50) and sporadic MS (n=50) cases. Participants were selected based on a definitive MS diagnosis, with FMS patients having a first or second-degree relative with MS. Data were collected via a questionnaire focusing on demographics, clinical presentations, MRI findings, and EDSS scores. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, employing Pearson Chi-square tests and Fisher's Exact test, with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. The demographic analysis revealed a predominant female representation (89%), with a significant age range between 20-30 years (48%). Time to diagnosis was notably longer for FMS cases, averaging 25.235 months, compared to 10.295 months for sporadic cases (P=0.002). Clinical presentations did not significantly differ between groups, but FMS cases exhibited greater disability severity, with higher EDSS scores indicating moderate to severe disability in 31% of FMS cases compared to only 19% in sporadic cases (P=0.035). MRI findings showed a higher prevalence of spinal cord and corpus callosum lesions in FMS (P=0.001 and P=0.027, respectively), with no significant differences in juxtacortical, cortical, or infratentorial lesions. This study illuminates that MS mainly affects females in their twenties and thirties, with familial MS cases taking longer to diagnose than sporadic ones. Familial cases exhibited more severe disabilities and more lesions in the spinal cord and corpus callosum. This indicates a complex interplay between genetics and MS, underscoring the importance of further research to enhance our understanding of the disease.
Multiple Sclerosis, Familial MS, Sporadic MS, Radiological Features
Study the Impact of Plateau Pika Activity on the Ecological Dynamics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
The Tibetan Plateau, the world's largest plateau, harbors diverse ecosystems that play vital roles in the global environment. This study aims to investigate the ecological impact of the plateau pika, an endemic species, on the plateau's water resources, carbon storage, biodiversity, and climate. The research advocates for a balanced approach to pika control, emphasizing ecological preservation while addressing the associated challenges. Various statistical tests were employed to quantify the relationship between plateau pika activity and ecological dynamics. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between pika burrow density and soil moisture content. T-tests demonstrated a significant difference in soil carbon content between areas with high and low pika burrow densities. A chi-squared test found no significant association between pika population density and the presence of vulnerable species. Ecological protection and sustainable development are crucial, with plant-based pesticides like ricin offering an effective and environmentally friendly means of pika control. However, ecological restoration should be the core of rodent control efforts to maintain a balanced ecosystem. Combining grazing policies with ecological grassland control measures can help mitigate rodent damage while improving grassland productivity.
Copyright (c) 2023 British Journal of Biology Studies
Effect of Sodium Lactate on the Safety of Cold-smoked Salmon during Cold Storage
Effect of sodium lactate (SL) on inhibition growth of Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as compared to ampicillin and chloramphenicol antibiotics in cold-smoked salmon stored at 1.0 ± 4.0 0C were evaluated in this study. The sliced smoked salmon were coated with different concentrations of sodium lactate (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 % SL). Sterilized deionized water was used as a negative control. Total bacterial counts (TBC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), E. coli (EC), Pseudomonas count (PC) and Listeria count (LC) were examined. In vitro, the antibacterial agent (SL) exhibited antibacterial activities against all the tested bacteria. The antimicrobial action of 1.0 % of SL was more effective than the control. Therefore, thus coating with 1.0 %, SL prevented Listeria spp. and other pathogenic bacteria growth and prolonged the shelf life of cold-smoked salmon.
Antibacterial; Sodium lactate; Cold Smoke salmon; Safety; Listeria monocytogenes
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Through extensive research, humans have discovered that the best way to achieve good health is by reconnecting with nature. Plants, which surround us, not only fulfill our physical needs for food and medicine but also our spiritual needs. Living in harmony with nature allows us to appreciate its beauty, including the awe-inspiring flowers, trees, and forests that invigorate our souls. Furthermore, the natural environment can have a religious significance, with Islam being a perfect and universal religion that offers a clear life program for the world. The holy book of Islam, the Quran, states that "TABAIENA LEKOLE SHAY IN" encapsulates this program succinctly. The importance of plants in human life cannot be overstated, as they have special effects on our lives in various ways, including helping us comprehend our intellectual relationships with nature. However, while the Quran contains numerous references to plants, there has been little systematic study on their use in human life. In this research, we will examine several verses from the Quran that discuss the effects of plants on the human body and soul.
Plants, Importance, Human, Vital, needs, positive effects
Ecological Protection Status and Protection Countermeasures of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has its unique advantages and is an important natural area to regulate the human living environment. At present, China's rapid economic development and social progress, with the rapid population growth, the ecological balance of the ecological environment affect the Plateau, which is indispensable in human life and development and is a necessary condition for steady and sustainable growth and people's living standards; it also plays a decisive role in the sustainable development strategic goal of the whole country. Due to the extreme nature of natural conditions and human activities, the biodiversity in the Qinghai-Tibet region is in danger, with serious soil erosion and sensitive ecological and environment. In order to protect the ecological environment of the Tibetan Plateau, strengthen the research and scientific management of the natural area and its ecosystem, establish and improve the nature protection mechanism; at the same time, strengthen the biodiversity maintenance of the alpine area of the Tibetan Plateau, implement a series of countermeasures of the ecological system, so as to restore the area to the original situation and provide more ecological service functions. This paper first analyzes the reasons for the fragile and sensitive ecological environment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, then analyzes the current situation and existing problems of ecological protection, and puts forward corresponding protection measures for various problems. On the basis of the above, the ecological protection countermeasures of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are discussed. In this paper, the investigation method and the literature research method are adopted to collect and analyze the existing research results, comprehensively understand the current situation of ecological protection on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and analyze them in detail. The results show that: (1) the economic development level of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area is low, and there is a contradiction between resource development and utilization and ecological environment protection; (2) the biodiversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area is threatened, the ecological service function is reduced, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a vast territory, changeable climate and serious soil erosion. (3) Due to the impact of human activities on the environment, the contradictions between natural, social and economic development and ecological environment protection are increasingly prominent; (4) Ecological protection is faced with many problems and protection is difficult. Generally speaking, there are many problems and challenges in the ecological protection work in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, facing severe tests.
An Analysis of Cancer Stem Cells’ Effectiveness in Curing Tumor and Possible Therapies
This review focuses on the role of cancer stem cells in tumor development and summarizes multiple therapeutic approaches based on them. Cancer research has been significant in medical research as it is increasingly recognised as a worldwide public health concern. Although modern medical treatment can be done utilizing chemotherapy or radiotherapy, tumors’ high mortality and recurrence rate remain a critical issue. However, in recent years, based on a large number of studies on cancer, scientists have put forward the theory of cancer stem cells, aiming to provide prospective treatment theories and methods for cancer therapies. These innovative treatments have brought hope to a complete cure for cancer. This paper first reviews the current status of cancer development, the hot theory of cancer stem cells, and the role of cancer stem cells in curing cancer. Then, three popular cancer stem cell treatments are reviewed, briefly discussed, and analyzed. Finally, the prospect of a treatment system is examined based on cancer stem cells.
Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Biology Studies
Muscle Support Supplement by APOC, Medical Food EP1 (Cacao Advanced®): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Exploring the Supplement’s Main Ingredient, the Cacao Flavanol l-Epicatechin and its Relationship Between the Follistatin to Myostatin Ratio
Several scientific papers refer to the cacao flavanol l-epicatechin (EPI) as the first and only discovered dietary source of myostatin (MTSN) inhibition. However, although pre-clinical models strongly support this, there is a lack of high-quality human studies; to examine the response association between the consumption of EPI in humans and the effect on MSTN and follistatin (FST). By systematically reviewing the literature and qualitatively meta-analyzing with statistical methods, it becomes possible to quantify a conclusion from several lower quality human studies instead of a few high-quality studies. Two investigators searched Scopus® for the relevant human studies, which were pooled and meta-analyzed. Heterogeneity in the findings was explored with various subgroup analyses. Nine published articles with 11 intervention arms met the inclusion criteria. A significant improvement of the FST: MSTN ratio was observed in participants who ingested EPI, with a Common Language Effect Size (CLES) for Cohen’s d of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.74 to 0.99). Strong evidence of an association between EPI consumption and FST induction was noted, with weaker evidence for MSTN inhibition. Respectively, 0.98 (95% CI: 0.88 to 1.00) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.50 to 0.88). This meta-analysis provides evidence that EPI ingestion significantly improves the FST:MSTN ratio in humans by inducing FST and inhibiting MSTN. However, there was substantial variation in the results that could not be explained by the characteristics that were explored, and there were significant risk-of-bias concerns, with a large majority of the studies being small populations and not blinded. Nevertheless, considering the heterogeneity of children and the elderly and the lack of exercise intervention or alternatively high-quality exercise regime interventions. EPI consumption is the only feasible explanation for the drastic FST:MSTN ratio improvement.
l-Epicatechin, EPI, follistatin, myostatin, EP1, APOC, Cacao Advanced, muscle growth
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Genetic Variety Serves as a Buffer in Biodiversity: The Loss of Biodiversity Can Exacerbate the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Almost every ecosystem maintains its own ecological insurance scheme. In order to maintain this system, an ecosystem needs three forms of diversity: biological, genetic, and functional. Biological diversity refers to the richness of species in a given area; genetic diversity denotes a way for a particular species to adapt itself to changing circumstances while functional diversity relates to the biophysical processes that happen within the area. One of the most important benefits of genetic variation is that it functions as a buffer against the variability of environmental conditions, particularly in the medium and long durations. Biodiversity or biological diversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including plants, animals, micro-organisms, and the genes they contain. It simply means the existence of a broad variety of plants and animal species in their natural settings or the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat.
Genetic Diversity, Biological Diversity, Ecology, Preservation, Principles, Culture, Species
Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Lexicons of Flora and Fauna in Upah-Upah Ceremony at Mandailing Tribe Wedding in Matondang Village Padang Lawas Regency: An Ecolinguistic Perspective
The study of ecolinguistics has involved the relationship between human and human, between the human and the surrounding nature, and the relationships in which many languages ​​arise. The use of the flora and fauna lexicon by the people in Matondang village showed the closeness of natural relationships, the relationship between speakers and their relationship with the natural environment and social environment could be seen using the dialogue method (Bang & Doors, 1993) by analyzing the standard form of the meaning and function of using the flora and fauna lexicons in Upah-Upah ritual of a traditional wedding. Based on the phenomenological point of view, this study used two approaches: a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach. The data collection method of this study consisted of an interview method and an observation method. The interview method was used to obtain data on the meaning and function of flora and fauna in the culture of the Mandailing people. Observation methods were used to obtain data on the appearance of plants and animals in the culture of the Mandiling people. Giving advice occurred in the ritual of wages which referred to a situation. The analysis revealed that many of the flora and fauna in Mandailing culture still had the potentials to be further explored. Meanwhile, the dynamics of the natural environment lexicon were shown by differences in the level of understanding and the use between generations, the tendency, and endurance of these lexicons, which were represented by lexicon that survived, declined, experienced extinction, and shifted lexicon which includes lexicon with replaced names, and other languages ​with functioned to replace by other entities.
Copyright (c) 2021 British Journal of Biology Studies
Genome Sequence Analysis of Beta Coronavirus by Applying Bioinformatics Tools
The global pandemic crisis caused COVID-19 a disease with an alarming rate of human morbidity and case fatality produced by the currently emerging pathogen of SARS-CoV-2. The increase in the number of coronaviruses discovered and coronavirus genome sequencing has given us an idea to perform and utilize genomics and bioinformatics analysis on this particular family of viruses. These help us to understand the pathogenesis, animal origin, and mode of transmission of coronaviruses and have been used to tackle outbreaks caused by emerging, highly pathogenic, betacoronavirus strains, particularly emphasizing on SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV2 for comparing biological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of proteins or the nucleotides of RNA and/or DNA sequences. There have been identified more than 7,000 complete genome entries uploaded to Nucleotide/NCBI databases from the Coronaviridae family in the middle of 2002–2020, more than half of them are being SARS-CoV-2 and it is increasing in analogous to the expansion of sequencing technology. The BLASTP algorithm compares the protein database sequence with the query protein. FASTA produces a local alignment score in the compassion of the query sequence to every sequence in the database. Multiple sequence alignment residues provide comparative structure and functional analysis of biological sequences which often leads to fundamental biological insight into sequence-structure-function relationships of nucleotide or protein sequence families. Open reading frame indicates the protein-coding region in an RNA sequence with useful insight into genome structure and organization as well as the evolution of species. The contributions of bioinformatics for the planning and development of new drugs and the analysis of already known compounds support the search for safer and more effective treatments against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Betacoronaviruses; Genomics; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19, Coronavirus; Genome; Bioinformatics, COVID-19
Ecology of The Batak Toba Medicinal Plants in Praxis Social Approach
This study was aimed to (1) describe the treasures of the medicinal plant ecolexicon in the Toba Batak language community and (2) describe the public's understanding of the medicinal plant ecolexicon based on the parameters of interrelation, interaction, and interdependence. In describing the eco-collection of the medicinal plants, we used the dialectical theory of social praxis, namely: (1) ideological dimensions, (2) sociological dimensions, and (3) biological dimensions. This study used qualitative research methods by obtaining the data from the results of interviews and observations. The results of the analysis of the first problem showed that the Toba Batak language medicinal plant lexical consisted of 10 types of medicinal plants and it was classified into four lexical groups, namely (1) leaf lexical, (2) fruit lexical, (3) rhizome lexical, and (4) tuber lexical. The results of the analysis showed that the forms of interrelation, interaction, and interdependence of the Toba Batak community from the data on the medicinal plant lexicon of the Batak Toba language.
The Influence of Low Temperature on the Immune System of Teleosts
Due to their status as poikilothermic vertebrates, fish can experience changes in water temperature and, consequently, changes in their body temperature as a result of seasonal changes, migration, or the discharge of significant amounts of effluent into a body of water. Shifting the temperature outside of the ideal temperature range for a specific fish species might have detrimental consequences for the animal's physiology, especially its immune system. Therefore, either acute or chronic exposure to inadequate temperatures can weaken an organism's ability to protect itself against infections, putting the animal's general health at risk. Specifically, the progress gained in understanding the effects of suboptimal temperature on the soluble and cellular mediators of the innate and adaptive immune systems of fishes is the subject of this review paper. Cold stress can have a variety of impacts on different fish species, but in general, both acute and chronic suboptimal temperature exposure have suppressive effects on immunity, especially on adaptive immunity. It is vital to understand the effects of environmental temperature on fish species in order to optimize the management of wild species and to implement the best management techniques for aquaculture species.
Innate immunity, Adaptive immunity, Cytokines, Macrophages, Antigen presentation, Lymphocyte proliferation, Antibodies, Teleosts
Interaction between biological and vision science is rough with misinterpretation on either side. Attention theatres pervasive part of sensitivity and rationality. Most biological decisions close up being through emotion than unemotional cogent biological scheming, though we trust else. Connectedness, with preference making, is critical for crafting and executing stratagems. Neurobiological carters take delivery of signals, perform recognition and transduction in stochastic milieus. Cerebral Science (Cerebral Management) has brought unprecedented insights into the human brain and biological decision-making. The objective of the research is to monitor the dynamics of neurobiological drivers in understanding biological leader (s) behavior and preference making. Such propositions are now scanned under the lens of cellular and chromosomal prisms. The focus is to replicate the philosophy of ‘Biological decision Interregnums’ biology in biological decision research. The attempt is to explore the nature of causality, identify methods to test causal relations, employ empirical cognitive and neural approach (es) to causal rationality and establish a relationship. Paper empirically runs a hematological investigation based on primary data. Attempting a neural path in biological leader (s) preference, the purpose is to assess that hematological investigation has stimulus on the biological leader (s) preference making. This purports at addressing biological decision making those landscapes stimulate and fresh queries, vigorous theoretical and conjectural practicalities, demanding approaches, challenging results, and audacious insinuations. The aim is towards canopy theoretic contexts and empirical methods of philosophy of hematological - biology to appreciate stimulus of hematological - investigations have on biological actor’s choice. Results demonstrate indications for extemporaneous counterfactual replication to appreciate the stimulus of hematological - investigations have on biological actors' choice. The major finding is that biological leader attempts prospective preference using the hematological medium. Paper clinches distinctive standpoints propositions generated from theoretical ‘mosaic’ and presents directions for future research. Paper discusses findings to answer issues and understand neuro-hematological design in biological leader (s) preference dynamics. The Paper concludes with distinctive propositions and presents directions for future research. Paper attempts rethinking foundations of biological leader (s) preference dynamics by providing alternative taxonomy for rational preference problems. This research opens new vistas for future replicative studies.
Neuromanagement, ‘Busitagion’ Behaviours, Biological Interregnums and Neuro ‘Disruption’ Management