International Journal of Linguistics Studies
type: channel
description: The International Journal of Linguistics Studies (ISSN: 2754-2599) is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access monthly journal published by Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. It publishes high-quality articles across the breadth of linguistics, literature and translation research. With its uniquely broad coverage, all published articles are freely available online immediately to anyone, anywhere, with no subscription or access fees, allowing authors to share their research and maximise its impact.
publisher: Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development 3 Dryden Avenue W7 1ES, Hanwell, London, UK Registered in England & Wales No. 13110099
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Linguistics Studies
issn: 2754-2599
items: Tracing the grammar–discourse interface in Spanish (2000–2025): A bibliometric analysis of epistemological shifts
items: The structure of ʔillaa as a response particle in Najdi Arabic: a lexical account
items: A Comparative Analysis of Question Formation in English and Bukavu Swahili
items: Linguistic Framing and Media Discourse in the Sudanese Conflict: The Strategic Function of Lexical Choice
items: A Corpus-Based Morphosyntactic Analysis of Grammarly-Corrected Philippine English Tweets
items: Beyond Hashtags: A Morphosyntactic Inquiry into English Neologisms Across Social Media Platforms
items: The Phonemic Status of Affricates in Qassimi Arabic
items: Constructing Textual Coherence through Pronominal Systems: A Contrastive Study of Albanian, German, and English
items: Annotated Bibliography: Language Attitudes in The Sociolinguistics Setting
items: Libyan University Students’ Views on the Value of Lecture-Based Method
items: A Study of Emotional Resonance in Workplace-Based Mocking Humor in Stand-up Comedy
items: From Markers to Dynamic Augmentation: Modalities and Outcomes of AR in Language Teaching
items: Representing Islam: The Portrayal of Religion and Gender Through Fiction in Travel Literature
items: The Role of Machine Translation in Language Learning and Teaching
items: A Cross-cultural Study of Humor Intensity in Chinese and English Family Jokes: A Large Language Model-Based Approach
items: Linguistics Properties of Adjectives in Iraqw
items: A Quantitative Study on Academic Texts from an Interdisciplinary Perspective
items: The Impact of Linguistic Perspectives through Literature and Translation Studies: A Review Study
items: Examining Determinants of Academic Writing Skills Among Female Students in India
items: Translanguaging on Social Media by Educated Arabs
items: Grammaticalization of Modal Verbs in Bisha Colloquial Arabic
items: E-Learning: Challenges of Utilizing Weblog in EFL learning Environment
items: Critical Reflection of Adolescents on Self-Expression Through Multimodal Texts on Social Media
items: Voice Onset Time Contrasts in Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic Stops
items: Unveiling the Stylistic Features of Tayeb Salih's "Season of Migration to the North: A Postcolonial Analysis"
items: Discursive Tactics in Political Rhetoric: A Van Dijk Framework Analysis of the Trump-Biden Debate 2024
items: The Poetic Female Persona in Nizar Qabbani's Work versus Contemporary Female Poets
items: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Elements of Influence in Abdul Latif Rashid's Statements
items: An Analytical Study of the Recognition of Silent Letters in the Pronunciation of English Words by Baghdadi Arabic Speakers
items: The Pragmatics of Refusing Food Invitations by Jordanians

Tracing the grammar–discourse interface in Spanish (2000–2025): A bibliometric analysis of epistemological shifts
type: item
description: This study provides a bibliometric analysis of the grammar–discourse interface in Spanish-language academic production between 2000 and 2025. It aims to identify how theoretical frameworks, methodological practices, and research trends have evolved in the field over time. The analysis is based on a corpus drawn from Google Scholar and CORE, combining automated topic modelling with qualitative analysis of research domains. The findings reveal a clear shift from predominantly theoretical approaches toward empirically grounded, interdisciplinary, and computationally oriented paradigms. Functionalist frameworks—especially Systemic Functional Linguistics and Functional Discourse Grammar—emerge as central in articulating the relationship between grammatical structure and communicative context. At the same time, the field has expanded toward new domains, including academic literacy, political discourse, and social media, where grammar is increasingly examined as embedded in multimodal and ideological practices. Taken together, the results position the grammar–discourse interface as a productive domain for understanding how linguistic structure and social meaning interact in contemporary discourse.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Grammar–discourse interface
  topic: keywords
subject: Spanish linguistics
  topic: keywords
subject: Bibliometric analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Multimodal discourse analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Rojas Plata
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
starting page: 20
ending page: 26
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2026.6.2.3

The structure of ʔillaa as a response particle in Najdi Arabic: a lexical account
type: item
description: This paper examines a specialized use of the particle ʔillaa in Najdi Arabic (NA), where it functions as a clause‑initial response particle whose use is restricted only to negative contexts. By comparing it with its counterpart particle balaa in Classical Arabic, the paper identifies the structural patterns in which ʔillaa occurs and shows that its primary linguistic role is to deny or negate a negative assumption. In addition to describing and classifying the constructions of ʔillaa, the paper attempts to offer a theoretical lexical account of ʔillaa using the framework of Head‑driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). It argues that ʔillaa in NA has shifted via the process of grammaticalization from an exceptional marker to this specific use. It also proposes that ʔillaa here can be analyzed as a clausal particle that can occur alone as a complete independent clause (i.e., it does not have any categorial or semantic selectional properties).
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Najdi Arabic, ʔillaa, response particle, HPSG, lexical analysis.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahad Almutairi
creator: Abdulrahman Althawab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2026-03-18
publication date: 2026-03-18
starting page: 12
ending page: 19
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2026.6.2.2

A Comparative Analysis of Question Formation in English and Bukavu Swahili
type: item
description: This paper presents a comparative syntactic analysis of question formation in English and Bukavu Swahili within the framework of Theoretical Generative Grammar. Focusing on yes-or-no questions and wh-questions, the study examines how interrogative structures are derived in both languages through phrase structure rules, movement operations, and morphological strategies. English is shown to rely on obligatory syntactic movement, notably subject–auxiliary inversion and wh-movement to the specifier of CP, to encode interrogativity. In contrast, Bukavu Swahili, a regional variety of Swahili spoken in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, employs a more flexible system in which interrogative meaning is frequently expressed through verbal morphology, question particles, and intonation, with wh-movement remaining optional. Adopting a qualitative-descriptive methodology based on library research, elicited sentences, and natural speech data, the study highlights key typological differences between the two languages and evaluates their implications for Universal Grammar and parameterization of movement. The findings further demonstrate how structural differences in question formation may lead to negative transfer among native speakers of Bukavu Swahili learning English as a foreign language. The paper therefore underscores the importance of contrastive and form-focused instruction in English language teaching in the Bukavu context and contributes to broader discussions in comparative syntax and applied linguistics.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Bukavu Swahili
  topic: keywords
subject: Question formation
  topic: keywords
subject: English
  topic: keywords
subject: Theoretical Generative Grammar
  topic: keywords
creator: Barthelemy Muzaliwa Balume
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2026-02-15
publication date: 2026-02-15
starting page: 01
ending page: 11
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2026.6.2.1

Linguistic Framing and Media Discourse in the Sudanese Conflict: The Strategic Function of Lexical Choice
type: item
description: This study analyzes the systematic weaponization of language in Sudan’s ongoing armed conflict between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), which began in April 2023. We employed qualitative discourse analysis based on critical discourse analysis and sociolinguistic theory to analyse 1,842 social media postings, 387 transcripts from state media, 92 official documents, and 37 ethnographic interviews collected in the span of April 2023 to June 2025. The analysis classified 87 unique phrases into eight different functional categories: incitement of war; sarcasm; hatred; racism/ethnic incitement; mobilization; delegitimization; dehumanization; and symbolic and/or military language. The findings show that lexical choices are manifestations of performative violence, constantly producing realities of conflict through nominalized and othering and legitimizing language. The RSF supporters demonstrated more linguistic creativity when challenging the institutional legitimacy of the SAF in their postings and comments, though both sides engaged in dehumanizing language as had occurred prior to historically documented instances of ethnic violence in other countries. Social media platforms supported the hastening of semantic invention while more widely producing ideological echo chambers of extreme discourse. Linguistic warfare builds upon historical centre-periphery divides and hierarchies of Arabic language established during the colonial period, and there were notable correlations between patterns of hate language and humanitarian outcomes impacting millions of people. The findings support the theories of performative violence and necro politics and have important implications for peace journalism intervention, content moderation practices, and post-conflict reconciliation.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: lexical choice, media discourse, Sudanese conflict, word power
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Ahmed Suleiman
creator: Imadeldin Omer Ahmed Yahya
creator: Intisar Zakariya Ahmed Ibrahim
creator: Telal Mirghani Khalid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 01
ending page: 15
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2026.6.1.1

A Corpus-Based Morphosyntactic Analysis of Grammarly-Corrected Philippine English Tweets
type: item
description: The growing use of artificial intelligence–driven writing tools has reshaped English language production, particularly in informal digital spaces. While tools such as Grammarly are widely used to improve grammatical accuracy, their compatibility with nativized varieties of English, such as Philippine English (PhilE), remains underexplored. This study investigates how Grammarly processes the morphosyntactic features of PhilE tweets and examines the patterns that emerge across the corpus. Using a descriptive, corpus-based mixed-methods design, 160 publicly available tweets from eight Mindanao cities were drawn from the Twitter Corpus of Philippine Englishes (TCOPE) and analyzed through frequency counts and qualitative textual analysis grounded in Error Analysis and World Englishes frameworks. Findings reveal that users’ tweets often feature syntactic reduction, verb-phrase deviations, prepositional and idiomatic variations, and noun-phrase modifications, reflecting systematic, rule-governed patterns in digital discourse. Grammarly most frequently applies preposition and infinitive particle insertion, article insertion and possessive correction, preposition deletion and verb transitivity adjustment, article insertion for countable nouns, and standardization of spelling, orthography, and word segmentation. Many of these flags, however, were false positives, reflecting hyper-standardization rather than genuine errors. Overall, Grammarly frequently overcorrects nativized features of Philippine English, emphasizing Inner-Circle norms. The study underscores the need for users to critically engage with automated feedback and for developers to design tools sensitive to the systematic, rule-governed features of localized English varieties. Filipino users should consider Grammarly’s advice as guidance, not set-in-stone rules, when writing for local or digital audiences. Revision decisions should be guided by context, communicative purpose, and linguistic identity.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Philippine English
  topic: keywords
subject: AI Writing Tools
  topic: keywords
subject: English morphosyntax
  topic: keywords
subject: computer-mediated communication
  topic: keywords
subject: automated writing evaluation
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Ryana Tampogao
creator: Sittie Aina Cosain
creator: Shangrela Sieras
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2026-01-24
publication date: 2026-01-24
starting page: 33
ending page: 44
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2026.6.1.3

Beyond Hashtags: A Morphosyntactic Inquiry into English Neologisms Across Social Media Platforms
type: item
description: This study examines the morphosyntactic patterns, communicative functions, and identity-related roles of English neologisms used by Generation Z across TikTok, X (formerly Twitter), and Facebook. Employing a qualitative-descriptive research design, the study analyzed a manually collected corpus of 150 publicly accessible social media posts produced by apparent Gen Z users over a three-month period. Qualitative linguistic analysis was conducted using Aronoff's Word-Formation Theory, Jakobson’s Communicative Functions of Language, and the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) to code neologisms by formation process, grammatical and semantic shifts, communicative functions, and identity signaling. Findings reveal that systematic morphosyntactic processes, including clipping, Taglish mixing, affixation of non-Filipino bases, acronymy, and orthographic stylization, shape Gen Z neologisms. The results further show that neologisms frequently undergo semantic and grammatical category shifts to fulfill referential, phatic, emotive, and conative functions in digital interaction. Additionally, the study demonstrates that neologisms serve as powerful resources for constructing generational identity, in-group solidarity, and platform-specific self-presentation. The study concludes that Gen Z neologisms are not random or fleeting slang but socially meaningful linguistic innovations shaped by platform affordances and digital culture. It is recommended that future research adopt longitudinal and quantitative approaches to track neologism diffusion and conventionalization. This study is relevant to linguistics, digital discourse studies, and sociolinguistics by documenting real-time language change across platforms. Pedagogically, this study is significant to English language teaching by encouraging the integration of contemporary digital language into instruction.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Digital Neologism
  topic: keywords
subject: Morphosyntax
  topic: keywords
subject: Lexical Innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Media
  topic: keywords
subject: Gen Z communication
  topic: keywords
subject: computer-mediated communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Hussein Imam
creator: Jehan Basher
creator: Shangrela Sieras
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2026-01-18
publication date: 2026-01-18
starting page: 16
ending page: 32
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2026.6.1.2

The Phonemic Status of Affricates in Qassimi Arabic
type: item
description: This study investigates the phonological status of alveolar affricates in Qassimi Arabic (QA), a variety of Najdi Arabic spoken in central Saudi Arabia. Descriptions of Najdi Arabic typically treat the alveolar affricates [t͡s] and [d͡z] as predictable allophones of the velar stops /k/ and /ɡ/, derived through an affrication process conditioned primarily by front vowels. However, earlier accounts also acknowledge numerous exceptions involving vowel adjacency, consonant clusters, gemination, and lexical origin, raising questions about the productivity and coherence of this proposed rule. Drawing on a dataset of 282 distinct word types collected through wordlist elicitation, natural narration, and silent-film narration from eight native QA speakers, this study re-evaluates the distribution of velar stops and alveolar affricates across a wide range of phonological environments. The analysis examines adjacency to front and non-high vowels, consonant cluster contexts, gemination, and syllable structure, and applies commutation tests to assess phonemic contrast. The results show that alveolar affricates and velar stops occur in overlapping and contrastive environments, including identical phonological contexts where no conditioning rule can predict affrication. Minimal and near-minimal pairs demonstrate direct contrast between /k/ and /t͡s/, as well as between /ɡ/ and /d͡z/, providing clear evidence against an allophonic analysis. Furthermore, affricates are attested in geminate environments and across different syllable structures, indicating that neither gemination nor syllable structure systematically blocks affrication in QA. These findings support analyzing [t͡s] and [d͡z] as independent phonemes in the consonantal inventory of Qassimi Arabic. More broadly, the study underscores the importance of dialect-specific evidence in Arabic phonology and cautions against assuming Classical or Old Arabic segmental inventories as default underlying representations for modern va…
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Qassimi Arabic; affrication; phonemic contrast; Najdi Arabic; Affricates
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulmajeed Alrashed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 19
ending page: 28
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.5.3

Constructing Textual Coherence through Pronominal Systems: A Contrastive Study of Albanian, German, and English
type: item
description: This article develops a contrastive analysis of how Albanian, German, and English construct textual coherence through their pronominal and morphosyntactic systems. The study places Arbër Çeliku’s (2009, pp. 19–24) distinction between Coherence A (explicit coherence) and Coherence B (implicit coherence) at the center of its theoretical framework, demonstrating that the three languages differ fundamentally in how they encode referentiality, continuity, and discourse progression. Albanian, as a pro-drop language with a highly developed clitic system, realizes coherence largely through implicit and inferential mechanisms, whereas German and English rely primarily on overt pronominal expressions and expletive subject pronouns. Through a tri-lingual mini-corpus (6000 words) and synthetic media-inspired examples based on contemporary Albanian news discourse (2023–2025), the study shows that Albanian systematically omits subjects, encodes referents through morphology and clitics, and avoids expletive subjects in existential and impersonal constructions. German and English, conversely, maintain explicit subject positions and rely heavily on overt pronouns for coherence. These findings argue for a coherence typology in which Albanian exemplifies a prototypical Coherence B system, and German and English codify Coherence A. The article concludes that a modern theory of coherence must account for languages in which implicit mechanisms, not surface markers, carry the essential burden of textual cohesion.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Albanian, German, English, coherence, pronominal systems, Coherence A/B, clitics, pro-drop
  topic: keywords
creator: Jetmire ALIU
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-22
publication date: 2025-12-22
starting page: 09
ending page: 18
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.5.2

Annotated Bibliography: Language Attitudes in The Sociolinguistics Setting
type: item
description: Language attitudes are a central topic in sociolinguistics since they reveal how people feel, think, and behave toward different languages, dialects, or speech varieties. These attitudes can influence language use, policy, identity, and even social hierarchy in a sociolinguistic setting. Language attitudes refer to the beliefs, feelings, and predispositions people have about a language or its speakers, and they can be positive, negative, or neutral, which often shape social interactions, educational outcomes, and linguistic change. By analyzing scholars' perspectives on the analysis of human behavior in sociological settings, this paper will identify significant reasons why two generations from the same background behave differently and examine the influence of sociopolitical issues.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Language attitudes, social interaction, vitality, language policies
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadia Rahman Busra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-11-19
publication date: 2025-11-19
starting page: 01
ending page: 08
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.5.1

Libyan University Students’ Views on the Value of Lecture-Based Method
type: item
description: Lectures, as a medium of teaching, are still considered an integral part of higher education in Libyan universities. However, the role of lectures has been recently questioned, particularly after the sudden spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. To address this issue, this study aims to establish whether Libyan university students still value the lecture teaching mode as part of their university education. It also examines the factors that encourage students to still attending lectures. Thereby, an online questionnaire consisting of 19 items was circulated to undergraduate and postgraduate students studying in the Department of English at the Faculty of Arts and Languages, University of Tripoli. The study’s findings revealed that students still favor lectures as a method of teaching. Accordingly, 49 respondents considered lectures, as a mode of teaching and learning, essential with various educational, practical, and social benefits. These include elements such as an in-depth understanding of the subject course and direct interaction with peer students and lecturers. Ultimately, the study suggests that, although lectures continue to be valuable in Libyan universities, other innovative teaching techniques and methods can also be used to improve their effectiveness.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Lectures, views, higher education, teaching methods
  topic: keywords
creator: Nisreen Al-shredi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
starting page: 26
ending page: 35
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.4.3

A Study of Emotional Resonance in Workplace-Based Mocking Humor in Stand-up Comedy
type: item
description: This study examines how mocking humor elicits emotional resonance among audiences in Chinese workplace-themed stand-up comedy. Through meticulous analysis of 21 carefully selected performances from the renowned stand-up competition King of Comedy, the research uncovers two fundamental strategies—self-deprecation and satire—each skillfully executed through three distinct sub-techniques: direct statement, imagination, and comparison. Employing discourse analysis methods, the study demonstrates how comedians artfully transform ubiquitous workplace pressures, such as working overtime and excessive competition, into universally relatable daily narratives. The research further elucidates that self-deprecation effectively bridges social gaps by revealing personal vulnerabilities and imperfections, while satire serves as a powerful tool to externalize blame and validate collective criticism of workplace injustices. These strategies collaboratively evoke audience empathy toward common workplace dilemmas. The study significantly expands the scope of humor research beyond traditional Western perspectives. Moreover, it provides practical, actionable techniques for comedians to enhance audience engagement and emotional connection, offering valuable insights for both academic researchers and comedy practitioners alike.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Stand-up comedy; Workplace; Mocking humor; Emotional resonance; Discourse analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Yetong Lin
creator: Fanxi Wen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 15
ending page: 25
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.4.2

From Markers to Dynamic Augmentation: Modalities and Outcomes of AR in Language Teaching
type: item
description: This review synthesises post-2020 empirical research on augmented reality (AR) in foreign and second-language education to identify prevailing trends, modalities, pedagogical outcomes, and barriers to classroom integration. Following PRISMA-guided selection, 25 peer-reviewed experimental studies with a minimum of 50 participants each were analysed from ERIC and Web of Science. Results indicate that AR is primarily implemented as marker/vision-based experiences but also appears in NFC, location-based, and emerging dynamic-augmentation formats. Across educational stages, AR consistently enhances student motivation, engagement, and positive attitudes toward language learning; evidence for reliable short-term gains in specific linguistic outcomes is mixed, though several studies report improved vocabulary retention and promising applications in phonetics and discipline-specific contexts. Key research foci include general learning effects, vocabulary acquisition, teacher and student perceptions, pedagogical proposals, and methodological innovation such as AR-supported storytelling and CLIL-integrated gamification. Major obstacles to effective adoption are limited teacher digital competence, device and connectivity constraints, potential mobile-device distractions, and heterogeneity in study designs and intervention duration. The review concludes that AR holds pedagogical promise as a multimodal, situated learning tool but requires targeted teacher training, institution-level resourcing, and more rigorous, longitudinal research comparing AR modalities and isolating pedagogical variables. Recommendations include expanding studies on location-based and dynamic augmentation, exploring AR for specific competences (e.g., pronunciation, ESP), and prioritising scalable teacher-development pathways.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Augmented Reality; Language Education; Educational Technology; Multimodal Learning; Teacher Digital Competence
  topic: keywords
creator: Laura Soriano-Gonzalez
creator: Sandra Abad-Bataller
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
starting page: 01
ending page: 14
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.4.1

Representing Islam: The Portrayal of Religion and Gender Through Fiction in Travel Literature
type: item
description: This study investigates Western orientalist viewpoints in the promotion of non-Western tourism destinations. The research focuses on narratives produced by Western advertisers which incorporate themes of religion and superstition. The study aims first to identify orientalist ideologies embedded within promotional discourse. Additionally, it examines the power dynamics exerted by advertising entities over both the Western tourist and the local Moroccan population.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Orientalism, discourse, tourism advertising
  topic: keywords
creator: Meriem Rafik
creator: Jamaa Ouchouid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 07
ending page: 11
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.3.2

The Role of Machine Translation in Language Learning and Teaching
type: item
description: Online machine translation tools have the potential to revolutionize the teaching of foreign languages. The efficiency and accuracy of translation are approaching human capabilities. Apart from translating letters and sentences, there are also machines that can translate speech, and they come in different varieties. Speed, multilingual compatibility, and mobility are some of this technology's benefits, but it also has drawbacks and affects users. Despite its numerous accuracy issues, machine translation is currently unable to fully replace humans. It is easy to apply machine translation once we are aware of its benefits and drawbacks. After all, users can comprehend and use the words correctly without the need for machine translation if they increase their language proficiency. This study was based on the most recent journals. The process of converting written content from one language to another is termed translation. Oral translation likely originated when humans first sought to communicate, while written translation can be traced to the earliest documented texts. Although various factors contributed, the 18th century, coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, represents a significant advancement in the field of translation.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Machine Translation, MT Translation, Teaching and Learning
  topic: keywords
creator: AbdalQadir Khalid Abraheem
creator: Qahtaan Mushrif Hamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-09-18
publication date: 2025-09-18
starting page: 01
ending page: 06
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.3.1

A Cross-cultural Study of Humor Intensity in Chinese and English Family Jokes: A Large Language Model-Based Approach
type: item
description: Humor is frequently conveyed through jokes, with family jokes serving as a particularly insightful medium that reflects both humor-creation techniques and culturally embedded perspectives on familial relationships. This study develops a computational model based on Large Language Models (LLMs) to quantify humor intensity in Chinese and English family jokes, focusing on three key indicators: ambiguity, sentiment, and incongruity. Our analysis reveals a 3:1:1 weighting among these factors, underscoring ambiguity as the most influential determinant of humor intensity. The sentiment score of Chinese family jokes showcases a more pronounced polarity. Chinese and English family jokes share similar incongruity structures, but the Chinese family jokes tend to combine both semantic contrasts and plot reversals. English family jokes often have higher ambiguity scores than Chinese family jokes, which typically demonstrate this effect depending on multiple factors such as plot and cultural background. This study elucidates cross-cultural variations in humor design preferences and cultural conceptions of family through a comparative analysis.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Large Language Model; Natural Language Processing; Humor Computation; Family Joke
  topic: keywords
creator: Yihui Guo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-07-09
publication date: 2025-07-09
starting page: 01
ending page: 10
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.2.1

Linguistics Properties of Adjectives in Iraqw
type: item
description: The main focus of this study was to investigate linguistic items representing adjectives in Iraqw, a southern Cushitic language spoken in Manyara region and in some parts of the Arusha region. The study was conducted in Babati district council, specifically in Daredakati and Gajal villages. Sentence questionnaires were used as the main method of data collection, complemented by extraction from written materials and elicitation methods that included Iraqw narrations and songs. This study was qualitative, guided by the prototype theory proposed by Elianor Rosch in (1970s) and involved five respondents who are native speakers of Iraqw and competent in Kiswahili. Adjectives are classified based on their prototypicality. This study employed three criteria for word categorization: semantic, morphological, and syntactic. The researchers found only 44 prototype adjectives, 10 derived from adjectives and nouns, 11 flexible adjectives, 10 cardinal numbers, four quantifiers, and two represented by nouns, and concluded that Iraqw adjectives form an independent word category.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Adjective
  topic: keywords
subject: Iraqw
  topic: keywords
subject: semantics
  topic: keywords
subject: morphology
  topic: keywords
subject: syntax
  topic: keywords
creator: Prisca ST. AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY
creator: Lea Mpobela
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2025-07-09
publication date: 2025-07-09
starting page: 11
ending page: 24
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.2.2

A Quantitative Study on Academic Texts from an Interdisciplinary Perspective
type: item
description: Measurement studies on the syntactic complexity of academic texts have been widely conducted. Using a quantitative linguistic approach, this study explores the syntactic features of academic texts from an interdisciplinary perspective by analyzing the dependency distance (DD), mean dependency distance (MDD) and dependency types of academic texts from different disciplines in a self-constructed corpus. The corpus includes 400 abstracts of parallel comparable academic texts from eight disciplines authored by native and L2 writers. Research findings indicate that: 1) Both native (L1) and second language (L2) authors’ academic texts exhibit a highly consistent distribution of dependency distances, following a long-tail distribution, , which suggests constraints imposed by human working memory. 2) Across all disciplines, abstracts written by L2 authors have significantly longer Mean Dependency Distance (MDD) compared to those written by L1 authors, indicating the significant impact of native language background on the syntactic complexity of academic texts. 3) Within the same language background, there are significant differences in dependency types across different academic disciplines, reflecting specific emphases in how authors express their research findings across disciplines. These findings further reveal the correlation between MDD and disciplinary contexts.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Dependency Distance (DD)
  topic: keywords
subject: Mean Dependency Distance (MDD)
  topic: keywords
subject: Syntactic Complexity (SC)
  topic: keywords
subject: Dependency Types
  topic: keywords
subject: Disciplines
  topic: keywords
creator: Mengwei Du
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2025-04-19
publication date: 2025-04-19
starting page: 40
ending page: 56
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.1.4

The Impact of Linguistic Perspectives through Literature and Translation Studies: A Review Study
type: item
description: This study examines the interplay between linguistic theories and their application in literary and translation studies. Employing a qualitative methodology, the research analyzes existing studies through coding and thematic analysis, classifying them based on the degree of integration observed among linguistics, literary, and translation. The results indicate a more pronounced influence of linguistic frameworks within translation studies than literary studies. This disparity can be attributed to the intrinsic link between translation and linguistic principles, necessitating translators' engagement with grammar, syntax, semantics, context, and morphology. This suggests that the practical application of linguistic theories is more readily apparent in translation, where linguistic structures are actively manipulated and adapted. Further research is warranted to explore the potential impact of linguistic perspectives on diverse fields beyond literature and translation, such as management and medicine. This could involve investigating how linguistic analysis can inform communication strategies, cross-cultural understanding, and the interpretation of complex texts within these domains. Such interdisciplinary investigations could reveal valuable insights into the pervasive influence of language across various fields of study.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Arwa Mohammad Rabee
creator: Eman Mohammad Rabei
creator: Abdul Raheem Al Jaraedah
creator: Haitham M. K AlYousef
creator: Mouad Mohammed Al-Natour
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-02-23
publication date: 2025-02-23
starting page: 25
ending page: 39
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.1.3

Examining Determinants of Academic Writing Skills Among Female Students in India
type: item
description: Writing is one of the most essential parts of a learner's academic and professional journey. The clarity with writing skills can help a student to express themselves with ease. However, in the course of enhancing the flowability of English writing skills, there are several obstacles observed among students where the language is second in line after its native language. There is several literature found where the issue of recurring errors among students when developing writing skills has been pointed out. The study here has observed the lack of literature focusing on female students in India whose English writing skills consist of errors. In India, although English is highly spoken and written, its fluency in terms of academic requirements is subjected only to a few institutions. The late development of writing skills can lead to several difficulties that would cause an impact throughout a learner's life. Further, in India, the female students, especially in rural areas, are often subjected to traditional norms that could affect their writing skills. To understand the perception of English writing skills among Indian female students and the factors that impact on their intention to learn, the study here has been conducted. With a structured questionnaire designed using secondary sources of literature, a total of 25 items measuring different aspects of writing skills have been provided to the students. Using purposive sampling, a total of 250 respondents are collected and analyzed using different statistical tools. The confidence level among the female students in their writing skills is found to be very low. The chi-square tests show significant association with demographics such as age group, area of residence, and marital status. It is interesting to note that the majority are not willing to add extra courses to evolve their current English writing skills. Going further into the understanding of the major factors contributing to this status, the PCA extracted six u…
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Writing; Grammatical Errors; Skills; English; Peer; Students; India
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarwat Un Nisa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-02-16
publication date: 2025-02-16
starting page: 12
ending page: 24
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.1.2

Translanguaging on Social Media by Educated Arabs
type: item
description: Translanguaging is the ability to move smoothly between the languages that a person knows. A sample of Facebook posts written by a sample of educated Arabs was collected. All the participants are native speakers of Arabic and have a good command of English or French as English/French was the medium of instruction in their major area of specialization such as medicine, computer, and engineering. The study aims to find out whether educated Arabs are capable of communicating equally well in both English/French (L2) and Arabic (L1) especially that Arabic is diaglossic having a standard form used in school textbooks, print material and formal situations and a colloquial form used in daily communication with family and friends. Data analysis showed that most educated Arabs are incapable of translanguaging. They communicate better and are more proficient in English/French than Arabic. Their weaknesses are manifested in their use of slang and Colloquial Arabic rather than Standard Arabic. Many completely ignore Standard Arabic spelling and grammar rules. They spell words the way they pronounce them in their local dialect. Many make agreement, definite article attachment, plural formation, and derivation errors. They code mix, i.e., transliterate English/French words and insert them in Arabic posts (cases الكيسز, schemes اسكيمز, share شير). They do not seem to know the Arabic equivalents of simple general and specialized English/French words (center سنتر, neuro نيورو, maps المابس). They even substitute simple Arabic words with English ones (shoes, fans, café, like, comment). It seems that educated Arabs are unable to think in L1 and L2 simultaneously. Their knowledge of English/French surpasses that of Arabic. They transfer the foreign pronunciation and structures to Arabic. Recommendations for reinforcing the native language and enhancing translanguaging skills are given.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Translanguaging, bilingualism, educated Arabs, social media language, Facebook, national language, foreign language, code-switching
  topic: keywords
creator: Reima Al-Jarf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-02-06
publication date: 2025-02-06
starting page: 01
ending page: 11
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2025.5.1.1

Grammaticalization of Modal Verbs in Bisha Colloquial Arabic
type: item
description: This study investigates modality in Bisha Colloquial Arabic (BCA), examining how various modal forms interact with different tenses, including future, present progressive, past progressive, and present perfect. Data were collected from undergraduate and postgraduate students, social media content, and analyzed to identify modal verbs, particles, and grammaticalized forms conveying meanings of ability, necessity, possibility, and obligation. The findings highlight the grammaticalization of motion verbs, active and passive participles, and nominal forms as markers of tense and aspect, showcasing BCA’s unique approach to modality. Notable findings include the use of amda (امدى) and mada (مدى) for present perfect tense and the transformation of sensory and postural verbs into markers of futurity and present progressive tense. Additionally, modal forms like yigdar (يقدر) and lāzim (لازم) exhibit versatility across multiple tenses, underscoring the flexibility and richness of the BCA modality system. Importantly, the study confirms that the emergence of grammaticalized forms does not eliminate the usage of their original lexical variants, allowing these forms to coexist and further enrich BCA’s expressive range. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of modality in Arabic dialects and offers insights into the syntactic and semantic evolution within BCA.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Bisha Colloquial Arabic, Modal verbs, Auxiliaries , Active participles, Aspect markers, grammaticalization
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatema Alharthy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-18
publication date: 2024-12-18
starting page: 134
ending page: 143
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2024.4.3.14

E-Learning: Challenges of Utilizing Weblog in EFL learning Environment
type: item
description: E-learning can enhance learners’ collaboration and interaction synchronously or asynchronously via utilizing Web 2.0 platforms. Yet blog utility in EFL contexts could have serious challenges. So, this study explored the most serious challenges perceived by Yemeni EFL Level-II students, English Department, Faculty of Arts, Ibb University, in 2023-2024 after a semester-long blogging. A quasi-experimental research design was used with an experimental group of 5 males and 10 females who utilized blog for posting their writing assignments and a controlling group of 3 males & 12 females who did so traditionally. A Survey Students Open-ended Questionnaire and Students Semi-Structured Interviews were used for collecting the data. The posttest findings revealed that experimental group performed better than the controlling group confirming that blog substantially developed students’ writing skills. Also, the interview findings showed highly-perceived learning situation, blogging situation, and students challenges. The findings can avoid Yemeni EFL teachers contingent jump-start blogging pitfalls. Further
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: E-learning, writing skills, digital platform, blog challenges, EFL students
  topic: keywords
creator: Anees Alnajjar
creator: Mohmmed Shormani
creator: Noman Musleh Musaed AL-Sayadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-18
publication date: 2024-12-18
starting page: 125
ending page: 133
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2024.4.3.13

Critical Reflection of Adolescents on Self-Expression Through Multimodal Texts on Social Media
type: item
description: This research is motivated by the low ability of students to represent themselves to the phenomena that occur during learning. This low ability is allegedly due to the lack of student confidence. This research aims to discover how adolescents' critical reflection in representing themselves in adolescent life is influenced by various multimodal texts uploaded on social media platforms. This study investigates how adolescents develop critical self-representation reflection through multimodal texts widely shared on social media. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. Data was collected through in-depth participant observation of a group of adolescents who actively use social media. Data analysis in the form of self-representation content uploaded on various mass media platforms. The study results showed that students were more free and confident in conveying critical reflection on the phenomena around them in self-representation in the form of multimodal texts through social media.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Uhe Suhaeti
creator: Nelly Fawzia Rahmayani
creator: Abdul Rozak
creator: Jimat Susilo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2024-11-23
publication date: 2024-11-23
starting page: 114
ending page: 124
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2024.4.3.12

Voice Onset Time Contrasts in Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic Stops
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the duration of voice onset time of single stop consonants in Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic. It also seeks to identify any potential influence of the place of articulation of these stops and the vocalic context on this duration. Four Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic speakers were recorded while producing 39 monosyllabic words with /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/ and /ɡ/ followed by the vowels /iː/,/i/,/aː/,/a/,/uː/,/u/, /eː/ and /oː/. The duration of positive voice onset time was measured from the release burst to the onset of vocal fold vibration. For negative voice onset time, the duration was measured from the initiation of voicing during the hold phase to the release burst. Results of the analysis show that voice onset time in Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic Falls under two categories. While voiceless stops have a positive voice onset time value ranging from 14 ms to 44 ms, voiced stops have a negative voice onset time ranging from –33 to –60. Results have also revealed that voice onset time varies as a function of the place of articulation of the stop and the quality and duration of the following vowel. As the stop's place of articulation moved from an anterior to a posterior point in the vocal tract, the duration of voice onset time seemed to increase. The duration of voice onset time is longer when voiceless stops are followed by a close vowel, compared to when the stop was followed by a non-high vowel. Finally, voice onset time was longer when voiceless stops were followed by the long vowels /i:/ and /u:/. This tendency was not observed when the stops were followed by /a:/.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Plosives, Voice Onset Time, Tripolitanian Libyan Arabic
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdurraouf Shitaw
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Linguistics Studies
date: 2024-12-18
publication date: 2024-12-18
starting page: 144
ending page: 151
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2024.4.3.15

Unveiling the Stylistic Features of Tayeb Salih's "Season of Migration to the North: A Postcolonial Analysis"
type: item
description: The book represents the fullest example of stylistic analysis within an important novel in the postcolonial canon-Tayeb Salih's Season of Migration to the North. The research provides a deep linguistic, structural, and thematic insight into how Salih's stylistic options build a peculiar picture of postcolonial themes, cultural identity, and the difficulties and contrasts of cultural exchange. While situating the bilingual narrative, symbolic imagery, and satirical moments of intertextual dialogue and celebration of oral traditions in their historical and cultural context, it proves how such features set the tone and atmosphere of the novel and give further depth to its themes. By doing so, Salih's style refutes and rebukes colonialist discourses, while engaging readers in a critical consideration of postcolonial identity, power relationships, and cultural exchange. These findings underline the continuous popularity of the novel and its status as a strong work of postcolonial literature, with much to offer about the postcolonial condition and its representation in literature.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Bilingual Narrative; Symbolic Imagery; Satirical Moments; Intertextual Dialogue; and Oral Traditions.
  topic: keywords
creator: Omer Elsheikh Hago Elmahdi
creator: Yusuf Elamin
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-10-17
publication date: 2024-10-17
starting page: 95
ending page: 113
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2024.4.3.11

Discursive Tactics in Political Rhetoric: A Van Dijk Framework Analysis of the Trump-Biden Debate 2024
type: item
description: The present study investigates discursive tactics in political rhetoric employed by President Joe Biden and Trump in their debate in 2024. Van Dijk Framework Analysis (1995) of discursive tactics in political is adopted to study the Discursive Tactics in relation to the Trump-Biden Debate 2024. Findings showed that Biden used a variety of discursive methods, such as reference to presupposed historical circumstances, to attain a high level of persuasiveness. His word choice suggested that he and his government had already embraced an ideological shift and were trying to convince the rest of the country to follow. Moreover, to awaken people’s emotions and desires, Biden engaged with sensitive social issues such as family struggles, young people’s future, social security, economic issues, and so on. The analysis revealed several hidden ideologies adopted by the speaker and his administration, such as new policies for dealing with America’s economic crises, a significant shift in his country’s international strategies, and his support for women’s rights. This study concluded that the speech maintained current power relations, had the essence of a military and strategic success statement, and sent vital military signals with a transitional and future ideological nature.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Political rhetoric, Van Dijk, Discursive Tactics, Biden, Trump
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamid Tarad Lafta
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 89
ending page: 94
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2024.4.3.10

The Poetic Female Persona in Nizar Qabbani's Work versus Contemporary Female Poets
type: item
description: This article draws a comparison between the poetic female persona in Nizar Qabbani's poetry and that in the works of his contemporary female poets. The study focuses on the primary characteristics of the poetic female persona in each, and examines the extent to which Qabbani succeeded in crafting a poetic female persona that resonates with those depicted by female poets of his time. The analysis begins with a definition of the poetic persona, followed by an exploration of the distinctive features of the poetic female persona as written by women. It then delves into the characteristics of Qabbani's poetic female persona and culminates in a comparison between the two.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Poetic Female Persona; Nizar Qabbani; Contemporary Female Poets
  topic: keywords
creator: Nassim Assadi
creator: Alaaeddin Joudallah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-09-19
publication date: 2024-09-19
starting page: 44
ending page: 63
doi: 10.32996/ijts.2024.4.3.7

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Elements of Influence in Abdul Latif Rashid's Statements
type: item
description: Political leaders use language to persuade and attract audiences and followers. Iraq is considered a prominent mediator to resolve most of the Middle East's critical problems. Iraq's presidents have had a real influence on the international community in addressing some of the suspended issues in the Middle East. The present study aims to investigate the elements of influence in Iraq's president's speech during his participation at the 33rd summit of the Arab League in Manama. The data of the present study is taken from Iraqi President Abdul Latif's speech during the 33rd Arab Summit in Manama. The present study adopts a qualitative research approach through which excerpts from the Iraqi president’s speech are analyzed in light of Fairclough and Weddick (1993). The findings of the present study reveal that three out of the five CDAs strategies are employed, including Referential, Mitigative, and Perspective strategies. It is recommended that more investigations be conducted in areas other than the linguistic area.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: CDA, power, ideology, discursive systems, conflict
  topic: keywords
creator: Tahseen Ali Hussein Al-Romany
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-09-18
publication date: 2024-09-18
starting page: 39
ending page: 43
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2024.4.3.6

An Analytical Study of the Recognition of Silent Letters in the Pronunciation of English Words by Baghdadi Arabic Speakers
type: item
description: The phonetic system in English differs to some extent from that of Arabic. Novice Baghdadi Iraqi speakers encounter numerous challenges in pronouncing English words as a result of this. As an illustration, it is common to hear English learners articulate "assign” /əˈsaɪn/ as / əˈsaɪgn / or "kneel," / niːl/ as /k niːl/. The objective of this study is to detect prevalent distortions in the pronunciation of silent letters in English words among Baghdadi Iraqi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. The methodology employed in this analysis was a qualitative descriptive study. Utilizing purposive sampling methods, a sample of 5 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) novices was chosen from the 1st level of the English Department, Dijlah University, Iraq. These learners were categorized as novice high-level learners (beginners). Analytically descriptive methodology was employed to analyze the data obtained from tests. The findings of this study indicate that EFL novices make errors when pronouncing words that include silent letters such as b, c, d, g, gh, h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, th, and w. The writers examine three positions of the silent letters in words (beginning, medial, and final), and, by that understanding, it becomes feasible to create valuable instructional resources and teaching techniques to address this matter.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Silent Letters; mispronunciation; EFL Novices; Baghdadi Iraqi
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Ali Hussein AlMuselhy
creator: Raed Ali AlJumaily
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-09-14
publication date: 2024-09-14
starting page: 27
ending page: 38
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2024.4.3.5

The Pragmatics of Refusing Food Invitations by Jordanians
type: item
description: This study aims to find politeness strategies in refusing food invitations among Jordanians. Brown and Levenson’s politeness theory (1987) is adopted to analyze the Jordanian refusals. The data was collected from English language students at Jerash University. Interviews were prepared to find out the different strategies for refusing invitations. This study revealed that the invitees used indirect strategies to be more polite with the inviters. The most preferred strategies were rejecting by employing religious terms, justified reasons, prayers, promising, ask for forgiveness. This study helps researchers to know the politest strategies used by Jordanians once they refuse invitations. Moreover, it assists them in making comparative research on refusal between Jordanian society and other societies to cover the cultural differences between them clearly.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Refuse, pragmatics, invitation, Jordanian
  topic: keywords
creator: Mouad Mohammed Al-Natour
creator: Shafiq Banat
creator: Natheer Mohammad Alomari
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-09-05
publication date: 2024-09-05
starting page: 09
ending page: 16
doi: 10.32996/ijls.2024.4.3.3