Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Management and Recent Advances

Abstract

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a severe complication that can arise after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT), a life-saving procedure for various hematological malignancies and bone marrow disorders. GVHD occurs when donor immune cells recognize the recipient's tissues as foreign and start an immune response, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Our objectives are to enhance understanding, prevention, and treatment strategies for acute GVHD. We employ an integrated approach involving epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical trial insights. Key findings highlight persistent challenges in GVHD incidence, particularly concerning HLA disparities and ethnicity's role. Acute GVHD remains associated with high mortality rates, emphasizing the need for improved strategies. We explore the disease's phases and discuss promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis. Our research underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach to GVHD management, ultimately contributing to enhanced patient care.